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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
The experimenter can then plot the initial reaction rate or velocity (Vo) of a given trial against the substrate concentration ([S]) to obtain a graph of the reaction properties. For many enzymatic reactions involving a...
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles01:21

Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles

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Pharmacodynamics is a scientific field that delves into drugs' intricate biochemical, cellular, and physiological effects on the human body. The study of pharmacodynamics helps us understand how drugs interact with the body and elicit various responses.
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Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order01:05

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Enzymatic Modification and Flow Cytometry Assessment of Yeast Surface Displayed Proteins
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The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2025/26: Enzymes.

Stephen P H Alexander1, Doriano Fabbro2, Alasdair J Gibb3

  • 1Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

British Journal of Pharmacology
|December 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2025/26 offers a curated overview of human drug targets and their interactions. This biennial publication provides expert recommendations for pharmacological tools, serving as a stable reference for drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The British Journal of Pharmacology publishes biennial updates to its Concise Guide to Pharmacology.
  • The guide provides a comparative overview of drug target families, summarizing key pharmacological properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the 2025/26 edition of the Concise Guide to Pharmacology.
  • To offer a stable, citable, point-in-time record of human drug targets and interactions.
  • To provide expert-curated recommendations for selective pharmacological tools.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of data on approximately 1900 human drug targets and 7000 interactions.
  • Inclusion of information on nearly 4400 ligands.
  • Expert curation and summarization of pharmacological properties and tool recommendations.

Main Results:

  • The 2025/26 edition summarizes key pharmacological properties for ~1900 human drug targets and ~7000 interactions.
  • It provides recommendations for 'Gold Standard' selective pharmacological tools.
  • The guide is divided into six major target families: enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, and transporters.

Conclusions:

  • The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2025/26 serves as a valuable, accessible resource for researchers.
  • It complements the comprehensive online database at www.guidetopharmacology.org.
  • This edition provides official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets where applicable.