Exploiting Oxidative Stress as Achilles' Heel: From Redox Homeostasis to Ferroptosis in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a critical therapeutic challenge. This review establishes a conceptual framework analyzing ferroptosis vulnerability through two principles: "robustness through redundancy" in defense systems and the "evolutionary arms race" between androgen receptor (AR) signaling and oxidative resistance. We traced the evolutionary trajectory of hormone-sensitive diseases, where the AR coordinates ferroptosis defenses via SLC7A11, MBOAT2, and PEX10 regulation through progressive adaptations: AR-V7 splice variants that maintain defense independently of androgens, AR amplification conferring hypersensitivity, and AR-independent JMJD6-ATF4 bypass in SPOP-mutated tumors. This transforms ferroptosis from a static vulnerability to a stage-specific strategy. Novel approaches include menadione-based VPS34 targeting, which induces triaptosis through an oxidative endosomal catastrophe. We categorized the rational combinations mechanistically as vertical inhibition (multi-step targeting of single pathways), horizontal inhibition (synthetic lethality across parallel defenses), and vulnerability induction (creating exploitable dependencies). Ferroptosis-induced immunogenic cell death enables synergy with checkpoint inhibitors, potentially transforming immunologically "cold" prostate tumors. This review establishes ferroptosis targeting as a precision medicine paradigm exploiting the tension between the oxidative requirements of cancer cells and their evolved, yet architecturally vulnerable, defense systems, providing a framework for stage-specific, biomarker-guided interventions.