Hearing Loss in Young Adults: Risk Factors, Mechanisms and Prevention Models.

Area of Science:

• Audiology
• Public Health
• Otolaryngology

Background:

• Hearing loss is a growing public health issue among young adults, a previously low-risk demographic.
• Factors contributing to early-onset hearing impairment include noise exposure, genetics, infections, ototoxic drugs, and lifestyle choices.
• Emerging concerns include hidden hearing loss, extended high-frequency impairment, and links to COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on risk and aggravating factors for early-onset hearing loss in young adults.
• To explore the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hearing impairment.
• To emphasize the importance of early detection and public health interventions.

Main Methods:

• This is a narrative review synthesizing recent scientific literature.
• Data from Global Burden of Disease and World Health Organization reports were considered.
• Advanced audiological assessments were highlighted for early detection.

Main Results:

• Over one billion young people are at risk due to unsafe listening practices.
• Pathophysiological mechanisms involve cochlear synaptopathy, oxidative stress, and immune-mediated injury.
• Delayed diagnosis and lack of prevention exacerbate hearing loss.

Conclusions:

• Early detection using advanced audiological tests is critical for preventing permanent hearing damage.
• Public health interventions, including safe listening campaigns and screening, are essential.
• Reducing long-term disability requires proactive strategies for young adults.