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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.7K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
454
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

3.7K
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Establishment of a Co-culture System of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumor Organoids and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)
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Establishment of a Co-culture System of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumor Organoids and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs)

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Developing New Immunotherapy Approaches for Colorectal Cancer.

Gregory Kelly1,2, Bianca Nowlan1,2, Simon Manuel Tria1,2

  • 1Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.

Cancers
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy shows promise for colorectal cancer (CRC), but most patients don't respond. New research uses advanced screening to find biomarkers and targets for better combination treatments to improve CRC immunotherapy efficacy.

Keywords:
CRISPR/Cas9 screensco-culture modelscolorectal cancerimmunotherapyin vivo modelsorganoids

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Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer
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Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), offers a novel approach to colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment.
  • While ICIs targeting PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 demonstrate efficacy in a subset of patients, the majority of CRC cases exhibit limited response to single-agent blockade.
  • A critical need exists for predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets to enhance ICI effectiveness in CRC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of immunotherapies in CRC treatment.
  • To elucidate the reasons behind the limited response rates observed in most CRC patients.
  • To highlight innovative methodologies for discovering new targets for combination therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on immunotherapy for CRC.
  • Discussion of challenges in identifying predictive biomarkers for ICI response.
  • Exploration of advanced techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 screening, in vivo mouse models, and 3D organoid co-culture systems.

Main Results:

  • Most colorectal cancer patients do not benefit from current single-agent immunotherapies.
  • Understanding the complex interplay between immunotherapy and the tumor immune response is crucial for biomarker discovery.
  • Advanced screening and validation systems are essential for identifying novel therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to overcome resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.
  • Combination strategies informed by biomarker discovery hold potential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Novel in vitro, in vivo, and emerging techniques are vital for advancing CRC immunotherapy.