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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as A Novel Detection and Quantification Method
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MicroRNAs Modulating Cancer Immunotherapy Mechanisms and Therapeutic Synergies.

Naorem Loya Mangang1, Samantha K Gargasz2, Sai Ghanesh Murugan3

  • 1Department of Life Sciences (Zoology), Manipur University (A Central University), Imphal 795003, Manipur, India.

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Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in cancer immunotherapy, influencing treatment effectiveness and serving as biomarkers. Research explores miRNA-based therapies and delivery systems for improved precision oncology.

Keywords:
biomarkerscancer immunotherapyexosomal miRNAsimmune checkpointsimmune resistancemiRNA therapeuticsmicroRNAprecision oncologytumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment but faces challenges with patient response and resistance.
  • The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in mediating resistance to cancer immunotherapies.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators within the tumor microenvironment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the multifaceted roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer immunotherapy.
  • To explore the mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic applications of miRNAs in modulating anti-tumor immunity.
  • To highlight the clinical progress and future prospects of miRNA-based strategies in immuno-oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on microRNAs in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of miRNA involvement in immune checkpoint pathways, antigen presentation, and immune cell function.
  • Examination of circulating and exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response.
  • Assessment of current and emerging miRNA-based therapeutic strategies, including mimics and inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) significantly impact tumor-intrinsic and immune cell-intrinsic processes, affecting immunotherapy efficacy.
  • miRNAs regulate key aspects of the immune response, including T-cell activity and macrophage polarization.
  • Circulating and exosomal miRNAs show potential as minimally invasive biomarkers for patient stratification.
  • Early clinical trials indicate both promise and challenges in translating miRNA therapeutics into clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators with significant potential in cancer immunotherapy, acting as both therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
  • Advances in delivery systems and RNA chemistry are crucial for the successful clinical translation of miRNA-based therapies.
  • The integration of miRNA modulation into precision immuno-oncology offers a promising avenue for overcoming treatment resistance and improving patient outcomes.