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A Review of Deep Learning Approaches Based on Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation.

Dina Koishiyeva1, Dinargul Mukhammejanova2, Jeong Won Kang3

  • 1School of Information Technology and Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
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The Segment Anything Model (SAM) revolutionizes medical image segmentation with universal architectures. SAM derivatives achieve high accuracy (81-95% Dice) while significantly reducing annotation needs (56-73%).

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computer Vision

Background:

  • Medical image segmentation has evolved significantly due to foundational models.
  • The Segment Anything Model (SAM) marks a paradigm shift towards universal architectures in medical visualization.
  • Task-specific models are being replaced by more generalizable approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the adaptation and impact of the Segment Anything Model (SAM) in medical visualization.
  • To explore SAM's application in multimodal fusion, volumetric extensions, and uncertainty-aware architectures.
  • To analyze the performance and annotation efficiency of SAM derivatives in medical contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of multimodal fusion frameworks for semantic alignment of visual data.
Keywords:
domain adaptationhybrid architecturesmedical segmentationsegment anything modeltuning

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  • Analysis of volumetric extensions (e.g., SAM3D, ProtoSAM-3D, VISTA3D) for 3D spatial reasoning.
  • Examination of uncertainty-aware architectures (e.g., SAM-U, E-Bayes SAM) for clinical interpretability.
  • Main Results:

    • SAM derivatives demonstrate high segmentation accuracy, achieving Dice coefficients of 81-95%.
    • These models significantly reduce annotation requirements by 56-73%.
    • Adaptations focus on multimodal fusion, 3D processing, and probabilistic calibration.

    Conclusions:

    • SAM-based approaches offer a powerful and efficient solution for medical image segmentation.
    • Future work should focus on adaptive domain hints, Bayesian self-correction, and unified volumetric frameworks.
    • These advancements aim for autonomous generalization across diverse medical imaging applications.