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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord Stimulation Real-World Outcomes: A 24-Month Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Giuliano Lo Bianco1, Alexandra Therond2, Francesco Paolo D'Angelo3

  • 1Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Foundation G. Giglio Cefalù, Via Pietrapollastra, 90015 Cefalù, Italy.

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|December 30, 2025
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Summary

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) significantly reduces chronic pain and neuropathic symptoms, improving quality of life for patients over 24 months. This real-world study confirms SCS effectiveness within a structured clinical pathway.

Keywords:
chronic painlongitudinal cohort studyneuropathic painpatient selectionpersistent spinal pain syndromereal-world evidencespinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established therapy for chronic pain.
  • Long-term real-world outcomes and standardized selection pathways for SCS require further evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess real-world, longitudinal outcomes of SCS over 24 months.
  • To evaluate the impact of a structured clinical pathway on pain intensity, neuropathic symptoms, and quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational cohort study at a single center.
  • Included 76 patients with chronic pain refractory to conventional management.
  • Assessed pain (VAS), neuropathic features (DN4), and quality of life (EQ-5D) at baseline and up to 24 months post-implantation.

Main Results:

  • Mean VAS scores reduced by 61% at 3 months and 43% at 24 months (p < 0.001).
  • DN4 scores decreased by 56% at 3 months and 43% at 24 months (p < 0.001).
  • EQ-5D scores improved by 208% at 3 months and 143% at 24 months (p < 0.001), indicating sustained clinically meaningful gains.

Conclusions:

  • SCS therapy yields sustained, clinically significant improvements in pain, neuropathic symptoms, and quality of life in a real-world setting.
  • Structured selection and follow-up pathways enhance SCS outcomes.
  • This study provides a benchmark for future multicenter research on standardized referral frameworks and patient-centered outcomes.