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Influence of Sex, Family Structure, and Access to Technology on the Motor Development of Children Aged 24 to 48

Miguel Rebelo1,2, Rafael Adrião1, Marco Batista1,2

  • 1Department of Sports and Well-Being, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6000-266 Castelo Branco, Portugal.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 30, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Girls showed better fine motor skills, while siblings positively impacted 36-month-olds. Technology exposure did not affect gross and fine motor development in children aged 24-48 months.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric developmental psychology
  • Motor development research
  • Early childhood education

Background:

  • Early childhood motor skill development is influenced by various factors.
  • Understanding the impact of sex, siblings, and technology on motor skills is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the influence of sex, sibling presence, and technology exposure on gross and fine motor skills in children aged 24-48 months.
  • To assess motor development using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2).

Main Methods:

  • A sample of 193 children aged 24, 36, and 48 months was assessed using the PDMS-2.
  • Skills evaluated included Postural Control, Locomotion, Object Manipulation, Fine Grasping, and Visual-Motor Integration.
  • Non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Girls outperformed boys in Fine Motor and Visual-Motor Integration tasks at 36 and 48 months (p < 0.05).
  • The presence of siblings positively influenced motor skills only at 36 months.
  • No significant association was found between technology exposure duration and motor performance across all age groups.

Conclusions:

  • Motor development is multifactorial, influenced by biological (sex) and environmental (siblings) factors.
  • The Total Motor Quotient (TMQ) varies based on analyzed variables, underscoring developmental complexity.
  • Findings emphasize considering diverse factors in designing early childhood motor intervention strategies.

Keywords:
PDMS-2duration of access to technologymotor developmentsexsibling presence

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