Eye-Tracking as a Screening Tool in the Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and...

Background: Early detection of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is essential, as the first two years of life represent a critical window of neuroplasticity during which timely interventions can improve developmental outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as ADOS and ADI-R, rely on caregiver reports and structured observations, limiting ecological validity and accessibility. Eye-tracking (ET) offers a non-invasive, scalable approach to assess early atypical gaze patterns. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of ET for early ASD detection and its potential as an adjunctive screening tool. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and the Cochrane Library identified studies published between January 2015 and July 2025. Eligible studies evaluated ET in infants and toddlers (≤36 months) for early ASD identification, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Out of 513 records, 57 studies were included. Most studies reported reduced fixation on social stimuli, atypical gaze following, and preference for geometric over social images in infants later diagnosed with ASD. Pooled effect sizes indicated a moderate-to-large difference between ASD and typically developing groups in social fixation time (Hedges' g ≈ 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48-0.82, I² = 58%). Studies integrating machine learning algorithms (n = 14) achieved improved sensitivity (up to 89%) and specificity (up to 86%) compared with conventional gaze metrics. Conclusions: Overall, ET shows strong potential as an early adjunctive screening method for ASD. Nonetheless, methodological heterogeneity and lack of standardized protocols currently limit clinical translation, underscoring the need for multi-center validation and task standardization.