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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Nasolacrimal Lavage as a Treatment for Ocular Surface Toxic Soup Syndrome
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Dry Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome-A Narrative Review.

Daniele Lorenzano1, Alberto Chierigo1, Alessandra Claudia Modugno2

  • 1Oculoplastic and Orbital Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Dry Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome (DASS) affects many prosthetic eye users, causing dryness and inflammation. Management requires addressing multiple factors like inflammation and tear film instability for better outcomes.

Keywords:
DASSanophthalmic socketdry anophthalmic socketdry anophthalmic socket syndromedry socket

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Prosthetic Eye Care
  • Ocular Surface Disease

Background:

  • Dry Anophthalmic Socket Syndrome (DASS) is a common, underrecognized condition in prosthetic eye wearers.
  • Symptoms include dryness, discomfort, discharge, and socket inflammation.
  • Diagnosis involves symptom questionnaires and clinical signs like conjunctival staining.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical, cellular, and molecular changes associated with DASS.
  • To highlight the multifactorial etiology of DASS.
  • To emphasize the need for comprehensive management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anatomical, cellular, and molecular changes in DASS.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to DASS, including meibomian gland dysfunction and inflammation.
  • Examination of diagnostic criteria and management approaches.

Main Results:

  • Common findings include meibomian gland dysfunction, reduced goblet cell density, and increased conjunctival inflammation (MMP-9, ICAM-1).
  • Oxidative stress (NOX4, KEAP1, NRF2 dysregulation) plays a role.
  • Eyelid malpositions, prosthesis factors, hygiene, and environment can exacerbate DASS.

Conclusions:

  • DASS is multifactorial, requiring targeted management of inflammation, tear film, mechanical irritation, and eyelid position.
  • Improved awareness, standardized diagnostics, and evidence-based protocols are crucial for prosthetic eye wearers.
  • Addressing hygiene and environmental factors is also important for symptom management.