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Authentication of Propolis: Integrating Chemical Profiling, Data Analysis and International Standardization-A Review
Kristian Pastor1, Slobodan Dolašević2, Nataša Nastić1
1Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 30, 2025
Summary
This review details chemical markers for propolis authentication, using advanced analytical techniques and chemometrics to combat adulteration and standardize quality. It highlights methods for differentiating regional propolis types and ensuring product integrity.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Natural Products Chemistry
- Food Science
Background:
- Propolis, an apicultural product, exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Its variable composition due to botanical, geographical, seasonal, and species factors complicates quality control and invites adulteration.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize recent studies on chemical markers for propolis authentication and standardization.
- To review analytical platforms and chemometric approaches for quality control and fraud detection.
Main Methods:
- Utilized analytical platforms like TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR, FTIR, and ICP.
- Integrated chemometrics and machine learning for data analysis and pattern recognition.
- Identified marker panels associated with regional propolis chemotypes (e.g., poplar-type, Brazilian green/red/brown).
Main Results:
- Multi-marker and chemometric approaches effectively differentiate botanical types, origins, and commercial propolis extracts.
- Common marker families identified include flavonoids, phenolic esters, prenylated cinnamates, lignans, and volatile compounds.
- Rapid screening methods (FTIR, NMR) combined with LC-MS provide robust authentication.
Conclusions:
- Propolis quality control is advancing towards harmonized workflows combining screening and verification techniques.
- Development of shared marker sets and international standards is crucial for global propolis trade.
- These advancements will ensure propolis authenticity and therapeutic potential.
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