Holography Meets Theranostics: DFT/TDDFT Insights into Ru-NO@M₂₀ (M = Au, Ag) and Ru-NO@Au₁₀Ag₁₀(Pc) Nanohybrids as...

Photo-induced bond linkage isomerization (BLI) in metal-nitrosyl compounds provides a molecular mechanism for controlling light-induced changes in refractive index and phase modulation. In this study, the ground and metastable states of a series of Ru-NO complexes and their Au₂₀, Ag₂₀, and mixed Au₁₀Ag₁₀ nanocluster hybrids were investigated by DFT and TDDFT calculations. The photochemical rearrangement between the linear, side-on, and O-bound forms of Ru-NO was examined together with their electronic transitions, oscillator strengths, and characteristic vibrational shifts. From these data, parameters describing radiative efficiency, non-radiative coupling, and metastable-state stability were derived to identify compounds with favorable properties for holography and photonic applications. Particular attention was given to the [(Salen)Ru(NO)(HS)@Au₂₀] complex, which shows a strong red-to-NIR response and balanced stability among its linkage isomers. Frequency-dependent polarizabilities α(ω) were calculated for its ground and metastable states and compared with those of the classical holographic material [Fe(CN)₅NO]^2- (nitroprusside). The refractive-index changes derived from α(ω) reveal that the Au₂₀-salen hybrid produces a much larger and more strongly wavelength-dependent Δn(λ) than nitroprusside. At 635 nm, the modulation reaches approximately 0.06 for the hybrid, compared with 0.02 for nitroprusside. This enhancement reflects the cooperative effect of the Ru-NO chromophore and the Au₂₀ nanocluster, which amplifies both polarizability and optical dispersion. The results demonstrate that coupling molecular photo-linkage isomerism with nanoplasmonic environments can significantly improve the performance of molecular systems for holography and optical-phase applications.