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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Electromyographic Patterns of Scapular Muscles During Four Variations of Protraction-Retraction Exercises.

Eui-Young Jung1, Su-Yeon Roh2, Woo-Lim Mun2

  • 1Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Combining single-leg support with the push-up plus (PUP) exercise significantly boosts serratus anterior (SA) muscle activation. Increased movement range in PUP exercises enhances trapezius muscle engagement for better scapular stabilization.

Keywords:
electromyographymuscle activationpush-up plusscapularscapular dyskinesisserratus anterior

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • The precise impact of push-up plus (PUP) variations, specifically base of support and scapular excursion, on scapular muscle activation is not well understood.
  • This study aimed to investigate phase-specific electromyographic (EMG) activity in scapular muscles during different protraction-retraction exercises.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the phase-specific electromyographic (EMG) activity of scapular muscles during four protraction-retraction exercises.
  • To determine how variations in base of support and movement range influence scapular muscle activation patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-six healthy males with Pilates experience performed four scapular protraction-retraction exercises.
  • Exercises were conducted under two base-of-support conditions (quadruped vs. single-leg) and two movement ranges (PUP vs. standard).
  • Surface EMG was recorded from six scapular muscles and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction.

Main Results:

  • Single-leg PUP demonstrated the highest serratus anterior (SA) activation across protraction, isometric, and retraction phases.
  • Standard (STD) variations resulted in greater trapezius activation, particularly with larger scapular excursions.
  • The upper trapezius (UT) to SA activation ratio was lower in PUP conditions, indicating a more favorable stabilization pattern.

Conclusions:

  • Combining single-leg support with traditional PUP significantly increases SA recruitment throughout all exercise phases.
  • Increasing the scapular range of motion during PUP exercises enhances trapezius muscle engagement.
  • These findings offer valuable phase-specific insights into how PUP variations modulate closed-chain scapular stabilization, aiding clinicians in exercise selection.