Genetic and epigenetic alterations in oral potentially malignant disorders: A cross-sectional clinical study

The prevalence and spectrum of genetic and epigenetic alterations in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) is of interest. Hence, a total of 132 patients with clinically and histopathologically diagnosed OPMDs were evaluated for key molecular changes, including TP53 mutations, promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes and global DNA hypomethylation. Salivary and tissue samples were analyzed using PCR, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and immunohistochemistry. TP53 mutations and p16INK4a promoter hypermethylation were significantly associated with severe dysplasia and higher malignant transformation risk. Thus, integrating molecular profiling into OPMD evaluation could improve risk stratification and early intervention.