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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

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Utility of PSA in extracellular vesicles as a follow-up biomarker in prostate cancer.

Amaia Sandúa1,2, José L Pérez-Gracia3, Estibaliz Alegre1,4,2

  • 1Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

Advances in Laboratory Medicine
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) extracellular vesicle/serum ratio shows promise for detecting advanced prostate cancer (PCa) progression and relapses. However, its use in monitoring treatment response is limited.

Keywords:
biomarkerclinical responseextracellular vesiclesprostate-specific antigentumor progression

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) circulates bound to extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • Extracellular vesicle-associated PSA (ev-PSA) levels are elevated in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign conditions.
  • The PSA extracellular vesicles/serum (ev/srm) ratio is a potential diagnostic biomarker for PCa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate ev-PSA as a follow-up biomarker for detecting relapse or monitoring treatment response in advanced PCa.
  • To assess the utility of the T-PSA ev/srm ratio in advanced prostate cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Sequential serum samples were collected from 10 advanced PCa patients during hormonal therapy or chemotherapy.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from serum using size exclusion chromatography.
  • Total PSA (T-PSA) and free PSA (F-PSA) were quantified in serum and EVs; the T-PSA ev/srm ratio was calculated.

Main Results:

  • The median T-PSA ev/srm ratio was 1.4%.
  • No significant decrease in ev-T-PSA or increase in T-PSA ev/srm ratio was observed at clinical response.
  • During progression, the T-PSA ev/srm ratio significantly decreased, while serum and EV T-PSA concentrations remained unchanged.

Conclusions:

  • The T-PSA ev/srm ratio may be valuable for detecting tumor progression and relapses in advanced PCa.
  • The utility of the T-PSA ev/srm ratio for assessing clinical response to hormonal treatments and chemotherapy is limited.