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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

Assessment of apical radial pulse

Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
Pre-Procedural Preparation

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Related Experiment Video

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Left Ventricular Apical Long-Axis Length and Ejection Fraction: A Proof-of-Concept Analysis.

Khalid Sawalha1,2, Aakash Rana3, Lana Alamat4

  • 1Cardiovascular Disease, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA.

Cureus
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simple apical four-chamber view measurements can reliably estimate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), offering a rapid bedside alternative to the standard biplane Simpson method for cardiology practice.

Keywords:
echocardiographyleft ventricular apical lengthleft ventricular ejection fractionleft ventricular systolic functionmodified simpson’s method

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Echocardiography
  • Medical Imaging Analysis

Background:

  • Accurate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimation is crucial for cardiac diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
  • The standard biplane Simpson method for LVEF calculation has limitations, including image quality dependence and subjective interpretation.
  • Simpler methods for LVEF estimation are needed, especially in resource-limited settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reliability of LVEF estimation using simple apical four-chamber views.
  • To compare LVEF derived from simple apical views with the standard biplane Simpson method.
  • To determine if longitudinal apical left ventricular (LV) length measurements can serve as a surrogate for LVEF.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 260 echocardiographic studies.
  • Comparison of LVEF calculated by Simpson's biplane method with longitudinal apical LV length measurements (systole and diastole).
  • Statistical analyses including regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in longitudinal apical LV length measurements were observed between normal and reduced LVEF groups.
  • Delta changes in LV length (>14 cm) demonstrated high sensitivity (94.2%) and specificity (95.7%) for identifying normal LVEF.
  • ROC analysis indicated end-systolic lengths ≤7.3 cm accurately predict normal LVEF.

Conclusions:

  • Simple longitudinal apical LV length measurements are a reliable surrogate for LVEF.
  • This method offers a rapid, bedside alternative to the biplane Simpson method.
  • Streamlined LVEF estimation is possible, particularly in time-sensitive clinical scenarios.