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Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Published on: January 21, 2016

Damage-tolerant stretchable ionic conductors.

Qinqing Du¹, Peiyi Wu¹, Shengtong Sun¹

¹State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.

Fundamental Research

|December 30, 2025

Summary

Stretchable ionic conductors enable advanced soft robotics and human-machine interfaces. New bio-inspired designs enhance their damage tolerance, improving durability for next-generation soft devices.

Keywords:

Damage-tolerant Elastomers Hierarchical structure Hydrogels Ionic conductors Ionic skins

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Robotics

Background:

Stretchable ionic conductors are crucial for soft robotics and human-machine interfaces due to their skin-like integration.
Their inherent softness, while beneficial for integration, makes them vulnerable to mechanical damage and environmental degradation.
This compromises their stability and long-term reliability in practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and categorize recent strategies for designing damage-tolerant stretchable ionic conductors.
To emphasize the role of condensed structure evolution in achieving high damage resistance.
To highlight bio-inspired heterogeneous network designs for improved mechanical robustness.

Main Methods:

Categorization of damage-tolerance strategies for stretchable ionic conductors.
Analysis of condensed structure tunability and evolution.
Highlighting bio-inspired heterogeneous network designs using viscoelastic polymers.

Main Results:

Identified diverse mechanical damages (fractures, tears, impacts) and environmental factors (heat, freezing) affecting conductors.
Emphasized the tunability of condensed structures for enhanced damage resistance.
Demonstrated that bio-inspired heterogeneous networks with viscoelastic polymers effectively balance softness and damage tolerance.

Conclusions:

Advancements in mechanical robustness are crucial for durable soft devices.
Bio-inspired heterogeneous designs offer a promising approach to overcome the softness-damage tolerance trade-off.
These developments pave the way for a new generation of reliable and resilient soft electronic systems.