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Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Catatonia Induced by Lithium-Associated Hyperparathyroidism.

Junting Liu1, Yufei Dai1, Dima Diab1,2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.

AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism can induce catatonia in patients. Discontinuing lithium and managing hypercalcemia are crucial for recovery, as seen in this case study.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Lithium is a common treatment for bipolar disorder.
  • Lithium can cause hyperparathyroidism, leading to elevated calcium levels.
Keywords:
catatoniahypercalcemiahyperparathyroidismlithium

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  • Hyperparathyroidism can manifest with various symptoms, including neurological disturbances.