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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Dual-Hormone Regulation for Blood Glucose Control Using Cellulose/Chitosan-Based Janus Microspheres via Gas-Shearing

Yixin Cai1, Wenxuan Xu1, Kangrui Yuan1

  • 1National Key Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (NFU-UGent), Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed cellulose/chitosan Janus microspheres (JMs) for precise blood glucose regulation. These JMs mimic pancreatic alpha and beta cells, coordinating dual-hormone release to maintain normal glucose levels for 10-11 hours.

Keywords:
Janus microspherescellulosechitosanglucagoninsulin

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Pancreatic alpha and beta cells regulate blood glucose via glucagon and insulin secretion.
  • Current methods for glucose regulation face challenges in mimicking natural feedback mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create Janus microspheres (JMs) capable of simulating pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions within a single system.
  • To achieve precise blood glucose regulation through coordinated dual-hormone release from JMs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized gas-shearing microfluidics to fabricate cellulose/chitosan-based Janus microspheres (JMs).
  • Designed JMs with distinct compartments for glucagon (cellulose-based) and insulin/glucose oxidase (chitosan-based).
  • Exploited pH-dependent swelling and glucose oxidase activity for controlled hormone release.

Main Results:

  • JMs successfully maintained blood glucose within the normal range in coculture experiments within 1-2 hours.
  • Demonstrated sustained normal blood glucose levels for approximately 10-11 hours without inducing hypoglycemia.
  • Showcased coordinated release of glucagon and insulin in response to glucose levels.

Conclusions:

  • Janus microspheres offer a promising platform for artificial glucose regulation.
  • The developed JMs effectively mimic the dual-hormone secretion of pancreatic cells.
  • This approach holds potential for advanced diabetes management strategies.