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Related Concept Videos

  • Agricultural, Veterinary And Food Sciences
  • Veterinary Sciences
  • Veterinary Medicine (excl. Urology)
  • A Comparative Analysis Of Intratesticular Versus Intra-epididymal Injections Of Clove Essential Oil On Male Dog Sterilization.
  • Agricultural, Veterinary And Food Sciences
  • Veterinary Sciences
  • Veterinary Medicine (excl. Urology)
  • A Comparative Analysis Of Intratesticular Versus Intra-epididymal Injections Of Clove Essential Oil On Male Dog Sterilization.

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    A Comparative Analysis of Intratesticular Versus Intra-Epididymal Injections of Clove Essential Oil on Male Dog Sterilization.

    Morteza Poormohammad1, Mohammad Hossein Safari2, Shadi Emami Moghadam1

    • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

    Veterinary Medicine and Science
    |December 30, 2025

    View abstract on PubMed

    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Clove oil injections offer a less invasive method for dog sterilization. Intratesticular injections caused permanent testicular damage, while intra-epididymal injections led to functional changes.

    Keywords:
    clovedoginjectionintratesticularintra‐epididymalsterilization

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Reproductive Biology
    • Animal Welfare

    Background:

    • Surgical castration in male dogs poses risks and welfare concerns.
    • Chemical castration presents a viable, less invasive alternative for sterilization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of clove essential oil administered via intratesticular (ITI) or intra-epididymal (IEI) injections for chemical castration in male dogs.
    • To assess the impact of these injections on reproductive parameters and testicular/epididymal tissue.

    Main Methods:

    • Twenty-four male dogs received ITI or IEI clove oil injections or saline (control).
    • Evaluated testosterone levels, semen quality, and ultrasound data over 40 days.
    • Conducted histological and morphological analysis post-castration on Day 40.

    Main Results:

    • Both ITI and IEI groups showed reduced sperm concentration, motility, and viability, with increased abnormalities.
    • ITI injections led to significant testosterone decline and testicular necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
    • IEI injections resulted in enlarged epididymal tail volumes and functional changes with minimal structural damage.

    Conclusions:

    • Clove oil injections are a potentially effective, less invasive alternative to surgical castration.
    • ITI administration offers a simpler method with permanent testicular damage.
    • IEI treatment induced reversible functional changes, requiring long-term studies for confirmation.