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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury
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Polypharmacy, Outpatient Prescriptions and TBI Risk: a systematic review.

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Certain medications, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics, and opioids, are linked to an increased risk of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Antithrombotic drug effects on TBI risk remain inconsistent, warranting further investigation, especially in older adults.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidence is rising in older adults.
  • Medication use is a modifiable risk factor for TBI.
  • Limited research exists on specific medications and TBI risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the association between specific medication use, polypharmacy, and TBI risk.
  • To inform TBI prevention strategies and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO.
  • Searched multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, etc.).
  • Included RCTs, quasi-experimental, and observational studies on medications and TBI risk; excluded pediatric and non-TBI trauma studies.

Main Results:

  • 16 studies met inclusion criteria, examining 7 medication classes and 27 single medications.
  • Antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, opioids, and antiarrhythmics were associated with increased TBI risk.
  • Antithrombotic and z-drug results were inconsistent across studies.

Conclusions:

  • Antipsychotics, antidepressants, hypnotics, and opioids are associated with increased TBI risk.
  • Antithrombotic drug associations with TBI risk require further research.
  • More studies are needed on medication risks for TBI, particularly in the elderly population.