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Microbial hyaluronic acid production by integrating molecular structure, biological function, purification, and
Nasim Espah Borujeni1, Hikmet Sabri Armagan1, Ali Demirci2
1Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|December 30, 2025
Summary
Microbial fermentation offers a sustainable alternative for hyaluronic acid (HA) production, overcoming limitations of animal extraction. Advances in bioprocess optimization and strain engineering are key to meeting the growing demand for this versatile biopolymer.
Area of Science:
- Biotechnology
- Biochemistry
- Materials Science
Background:
- Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a crucial biopolymer with increasing demand in medical and pharmaceutical fields.
- Traditional animal-derived HA production faces challenges including safety, contamination, low yields, and supply chain issues.
- Microbial fermentation has emerged as a promising alternative for sustainable HA production.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the structure, function, synthesis, and applications of hyaluronic acid.
- To comprehensively assess recent advancements in microbial HA production using wild-type and genetically modified strains.
- To identify bottlenecks and propose future research directions for optimizing HA fermentation.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on hyaluronic acid production and applications.
- Analysis of microbial fermentation strategies, including bioprocess optimization (medium composition, fermentation conditions).
- Evaluation of purification and characterization techniques for microbially produced HA.
Main Results:
- Significant progress in microbial HA production through optimized fermentation and strain development.
- Refined fermentation parameters (nutrients, temperature, pH, aeration) enhance yields.
- Emerging technologies focus on AI-driven optimization, CRISPR-based strain modification, novel bioreactors, and advanced purification.
Conclusions:
- Microbial HA production is a viable and advancing alternative to animal extraction.
- Continued research in process optimization, strain engineering, and purification is essential for efficient and scalable production.
- Future directions include AI integration, CRISPR technology, innovative bioreactors, and sustainable raw materials.
