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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering

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3D Controllable Crystallization by Programmable Seeding.

Guofeng Liu^1,2, Pengcheng Xia³, Bokun Li^2,4

¹School of Artificial Intelligence, Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shaoxing, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|December 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed programmable seeding to control 3D crystallization of sodium acetate trihydrate. Crystals grow perpendicularly to seeding templates, enabling new manufacturing techniques and functional materials.

Keywords:

3D controllable crystallization programmable seeding voronoi diagrams

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Crystallography

Background:

Crystallization is vital in pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and metallurgy.
Controlling 3D crystallization remains an underexplored research area.
Understanding crystallization principles is key for advanced material development.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel strategy for 3D controllable crystallization.
To investigate crystallization principles from confined to unconfined spaces.
To explore applications in manufacturing and functional materials.

Main Methods:

Utilized programmable seeding with supersaturated sodium acetate trihydrate.
Investigated crystallization in confined channels and unconfined planes/3D space.
Employed Voronoi diagrams to analyze and predict crystal patterns.

Main Results:

Geometric constraints in channels influenced crystal alignment.
Crystals grew perpendicularly to seeding templates (point, line, plane) in unconfined conditions.
Successfully predicted crystal patterns and fabricated 3D bionic structures.

Conclusions:

Established a universal principle of crystal growth perpendicular to seeding templates.
Demonstrated controllable crystallization for path planning and 3D structure fabrication.
Opened new avenues for manufacturing techniques and functional materials.