Targeting Ovarian Neoplasms: Subtypes and Therapeutic Options

Area of Science:

• Gynecologic Oncology
• Molecular Pathology
• Immunotherapy

Background:

• Ovarian neoplasms exhibit significant histopathological and molecular heterogeneity.
• Understanding the genetic basis and tumor microenvironment is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in genetic alterations of ovarian neoplasms.
• To explore therapeutic strategies based on molecular biomarkers and tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature search on genomic alterations, biomarker-guided therapies, and tumor microenvironmental modulation in ovarian cancers.
• Focus on lipid mediator pathways, immune regulation, and therapeutic response.

Main Results:

• Recurrent alterations include TP53, MYC, PIK3CA, and KRAS in epithelial/germ cell tumors.
• ARID1A and SMARCA4 mutations are prominent in SCSTs and SCCOHT, respectively.
• Lipid metabolism influences immune surveillance via STING signaling.

Conclusions:

• Distinct genetic alterations define specific pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic vulnerabilities in ovarian neoplasms.
• Targeting lipid mediators and modulating the tumor microenvironment offers promising strategies for ovarian cancer treatment, especially in relapsed cases.