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  11. Microfabricated Rgo/pani Interdigitated Electrodes For Reference-free, Label-free Ph Sensing On Flexible Substrates

Microfabricated rGO/PANI Interdigitated Electrodes for Reference-Free, Label-Free pH Sensing on Flexible Substrates

Maryam Sepehri Gohar1, Ekin Asim Ozek2,3, Melih Can Tasdelen1,2

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye.

Micromachines
|December 31, 2025

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a flexible pH sensor using reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (rGO/PANI) composite films. This scalable approach creates low-cost, miniaturized sensors ideal for field monitoring.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Flexible electronics require robust and sensitive sensing materials.
  • Graphene oxide and polyaniline composites offer tunable electronic properties.
  • Developing scalable microfabrication for flexible sensors is crucial for widespread adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a flexible pH sensor using reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (rGO/PANI) composite films.
  • To develop an efficient and scalable hybrid microfabrication approach for these sensors.
  • To optimize the rGO/PANI composition for precise pH detection.

Main Methods:

  • Hybrid microfabrication involving dip-coating rGO/PANI on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates.
  • Thermal reduction to form uniform composite layers with optimized PANI content (20%).
Keywords:
PET substratedip-coatingflexible pH sensorinterdigitated electrodes (IDEs)

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  • Photolithography and oxygen-plasma etching to pattern interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) directly onto the rGO/PANI film.

    • Main Results:

    • Successful fabrication of flexible rGO/PANI interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensors via scalable microfabrication.
    • Demonstrated tunable, monotonic electrical response to pH variations across the 2-10 range.
    • Identified an 80:20 rGO/PANI composition as optimal for precise pH measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • rGO/PANI IDEs fabricated through this method offer a scalable route to low-cost, miniaturized, and mechanically compliant pH sensors.
    • The developed sensors are suitable for field and in-line monitoring applications.
    • This approach simplifies sensor design by eliminating separate contact metals, reducing overall cost.
    oxygen plasma etching
    photolithography
    polyaniline (PANI)
    rGO/PANI composite
    reduced graphene oxide (rGO)