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Correction: Pramesthi et al. Evaluating the Impact of Indonesia's National School Feeding Program (ProGAS) on Children's Nutrition and Learning Environment: A Mixed-Methods Approach. <i>Nutrients</i> 2025, <i>17</i>, 3575.

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Evaluating Intake Estimation Methods for Young Children's Diets.

Xiaoshu Zhu1, Christine Borger1, Jill DeMatteis2

  • 1Westat, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.

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|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method offers a viable alternative for analyzing daily nutrient intake in children. However, for episodically consumed foods like whole grains, NCI UI methods show significant differences, potentially impacting dietary recommendations.

Keywords:
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)National Cancer Institute (NCI) methodsWIC ITFPS-2bivariatechildren’s intakesunivariateusual intake (UI) estimation

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Dietary Assessment Methods
  • Pediatric Nutrition

Background:

  • Accurate dietary assessment is crucial for understanding children's nutritional status.
  • The National Cancer Institute (NCI) provides methods for usual intake (UI) analyses.
  • Comparing different NCI UI methods is essential for reliable dietary intake estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for usual intake (UI) analyses in 5-year-old children.
  • To compare NCI MCMC method results with other estimation methods (univariate, single-day, two-day).

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of the Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (ITFPS-2) data.
  • Comparison of intake distributions for sodium, added sugars, whole grains, energy, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores.
  • Regression analysis to assess associations between intake estimation methods.

Main Results:

  • Daily consumed nutrients showed minimal differences (<2%) across methods.
  • Episodically consumed whole grains exhibited a 37% difference in mean intake estimates between NCI UI methods.
  • The univariate method overestimated mean whole grain intake compared to the MCMC method.

Conclusions:

  • The NCI MCMC method is a suitable alternative for daily nutrient intake analysis.
  • NCI UI methods produce notably different estimates for episodically consumed foods like whole grains.
  • Abandoning the NCI univariate method for episodic intake may widen the gap between recommended and estimated population intake levels in young children.