Micronutrient Testing, Supplement Use, and Knowledge Gaps in a National Adult Population: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Nutritional Science
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin D, B12, iron) are global health issues.
• Prevalence and risk factors in Saudi Arabia are not well-documented.
• These deficiencies pose significant public health challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

• Determine prevalence of vitamin D, B12, and iron deficiency in Saudi adults.
• Identify associated sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors.
• Assess public knowledge and attitudes towards micronutrient status.

Main Methods:

• Cross-sectional survey of 1652 adults in Saudi Arabia (2025).
• Structured questionnaire on demographics, lifestyle, health history, testing, and knowledge.
• Statistical analyses including chi-squared tests and network analysis.

Main Results:

• Prevalence: Vitamin D (7.6%), B12 (5.5%), Iron (7.0%).
• Most participants lacked prior testing for these micronutrients.
• Deficiencies linked to gender, age, education, lifestyle, and chronic conditions.

Conclusions:

• Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent and under-recognized in Saudi adults.
• Urgent need for enhanced public awareness and routine laboratory testing.
• Targeted interventions are required for at-risk groups and to bridge knowledge gaps.