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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

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Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy

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Published on: September 27, 2021

Emulsion and Emulgel-Based Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems.

Debadatta Mohapatra¹, Eleen Yang^1,2, Timothy W Corson^1,2,3

¹Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.

|December 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Novel drug delivery systems like nanoemulsions and emulgels overcome ocular barriers for enhanced ophthalmic drug delivery. These advanced formulations improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability for treating eye diseases.

Keywords:

SMEDDS SNEDDS emulgels in situ gels microemulsions nanoemulsions ocular delivery self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS)

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Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Ophthalmology
Materials Science

Background:

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces significant challenges due to ocular anatomical and physiological barriers.
Conventional formulations often exhibit poor bioavailability and limited therapeutic efficacy for eye conditions.
Development of novel drug delivery systems (NDDSs) is crucial for overcoming these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review emerging therapeutic platforms for enhanced ocular drug delivery.
To discuss emulsion-based NDDSs, including nanoemulsions (NEs), microemulsions (MEs), and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs).
To explore emulgels and in situ-forming emulgels as advanced strategies for ophthalmic applications.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of emulsion-based NDDSs for ophthalmic drug delivery.
Analysis of formulation strategies, mechanisms of ocular permeation, and characterization techniques.
Examination of recent advancements, including patents, clinical trials, and marketed products.

Main Results:

NEs, MEs, and SEDDSs demonstrate improved drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability.
Emulgels and in situ-forming emulgels offer sustained release and enhanced ocular retention.
These NDDSs effectively overcome ocular barriers, improving therapeutic outcomes for various eye diseases.

Conclusions:

Emulsion-based NDDSs represent a promising approach to significantly improve ophthalmic drug delivery.
These systems have the potential to overcome ocular barriers and enhance the efficacy of ocular therapies.
Further integration of these NDDSs into clinical ophthalmology is anticipated to advance eye disease treatment.