Stable Cholesterol-Palmitic Acid Sterosomes as Smart Nanocarriers for pH-Sensitive Doxorubicin Delivery in Breast...

Background: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide. Although doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent, its clinical utility is constrained by dose-limiting cardiotoxicity and systemic adverse effects. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have therefore attracted attention for improving DOX stability, biocompatibility, and tumor selectivity. In this study, we explored sterosomes-simple non-phospholipid nanocarriers composed of cholesterol and palmitic acid-as an alternative DOX delivery platform with pH-responsive properties. Methods: DOX-loaded sterosomes (DOX-STs) were prepared using cholesterol and palmitic acid to impart acid-sensitive behavior. The nanocarriers were systematically evaluated through particle characterization, physicochemical stability assessment, in vitro pH-dependent drug release, and cellular uptake studies. Furthermore, therapeutic efficacy and systemic safety were investigated in an MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft mouse model. Results: DOX-STs exhibited particle sizes below 100 nm, high encapsulation efficiency, and excellent colloidal stability for 28 days. The sterosomes demonstrated accelerated DOX release under acidic conditions relative to physiological pH, consistent with their pH-responsive design. Enhanced cellular uptake was observed in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo, DOX-ST treatment resulted in significant tumor growth suppression and prolonged survival without notable body weight loss, indicating reduced systemic toxicity compared to free DOX. Conclusions: This study presents a simple sterosome-based nanocarrier system that achieves pH-responsive DOX release and enhanced antitumor efficacy while minimizing toxicity. These findings highlight the potential of sterosomes as a translatable nanomedicine platform for breast cancer therapy.