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Oral Treatment of Obesity by GLP-1 and Its Analogs

Natasa Holler1, Ivana Ruseska1, Anna-Laurence Schachner-Nedherer1

  • 1Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.

Pharmaceutics
|December 31, 2025
PubMed

Insights

New oral delivery methods for Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs aim to improve obesity treatment. These strategies overcome the limitations of injectable therapies, enhancing patient compliance and accessibility for weight management.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Obesity is a complex disease linked to chronic conditions.
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, initially for diabetes, are now key for obesity management.
  • Current GLP-1 analog treatments require subcutaneous injection, impacting patient adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innovative techniques for oral delivery of GLP-1 analogs for obesity.
  • To explore methods addressing the challenges of injectable GLP-1 therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on GLP-1 oral delivery strategies.
  • Analysis of techniques including permeation enhancers, micro/nanocarriers, gene delivery, and microbiome systems.
  • Discussion of GLP-1 analog misuse and side effects.

Main Results:

  • Several strategies show promise for enhancing oral GLP-1 analog absorption.
  • Permeation enhancers, advanced carriers, gene delivery, and microbiome modulation are key areas of research.
  • Oral formulations could significantly improve patient compliance and treatment accessibility.

Conclusions:

  • Oral delivery of GLP-1 analogs represents a significant advancement in obesity therapeutics.
  • Further research and development are needed to optimize these novel delivery systems.
  • Addressing potential misuse and side effects is crucial for safe and effective obesity treatment.
Keywords:
GLP-1 abusegene deliveryglucagon-like peptide 1microbiome engineeringmicrobiome therapeuticsnanocarriersnanoparticlesoral peptide deliverypeptide therapeuticstargeted delivery

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