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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
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Herbal Inhalation Therapy for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sang-Song Shim1, Jung-Eun Kil2, Jiwon Park2,3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Sin-dong, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Herbal medicine atomized inhalation (HMAI) may improve symptoms for allergic rhinitis (AR) patients, especially when used alongside other treatments. However, more rigorous studies are needed due to current evidence limitations.

Keywords:
allergic rhinitisatomization inhalationherbal medicinelocalized drug deliverymeta-analysissystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Integrative medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent immunological condition impacting quality of life.
  • Current pharmacotherapies for AR often provide insufficient symptom control.
  • Herbal medicine atomized inhalation (HMAI) presents a potential adjunctive or alternative therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of HMAI for AR.
  • To evaluate HMAI's effectiveness as a localized drug delivery system.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of six databases was conducted up to April 28, 2025.
  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating HMAI for AR were included.
  • Random-effects meta-analysis, Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0, and GRADE were used for outcome assessment.

Main Results:

  • Fourteen RCTs involving 1606 participants met the criteria.
  • HMAI showed a significantly higher total effective rate compared to Western medicine (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32).
  • HMAI enhanced symptom relief when used as an adjunct therapy, though evidence certainty was moderate to very low.

Conclusions:

  • HMAI may provide symptomatic benefits for AR, particularly as an adjunct therapy.
  • Findings should be interpreted cautiously due to study variability and risk of bias.
  • High-quality, placebo-controlled trials with standardized protocols are necessary to confirm HMAI's role in AR management.