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Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
560
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

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Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

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Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays activate immediately when the input current exceeds a predetermined value, known as the pickup current, instantly energizing the circuit breaker trip coil. This rapid response is vital for addressing severe faults quickly.
Time-delay overcurrent relays, on the other...
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

461
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Maximum Power Transfer01:16

Maximum Power Transfer

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...
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IRS-Assisted Dual-Mode Relay-Based Adaptive Transmission.

Dabao Wang1, Yanhong Xu2, Zhangbo Gao2

  • 1Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China.

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|December 31, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a dual-mode relay (DMR) that switches between active relaying and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) modes. This adaptive transmission method boosts data rates by optimizing performance in dynamic wireless environments.

Keywords:
adaptive transmissionbeamformingintelligent reflecting surfacerelay

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communications
  • Signal Processing
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Traditional active relays face high power consumption challenges.
  • Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) struggle with countering channel fading.
  • Existing solutions lack adaptability to dynamic wireless environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel dual-mode relay (DMR) that integrates active relaying and IRS functionalities.
  • To enhance wireless communication systems by dynamically adapting to channel conditions.
  • To maximize data transmission rates under limited transmit power constraints.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dual-mode relay (DMR) with dynamically switchable operational modes (active relaying and passive IRS reflection).
  • Introduced a DMR-based Adaptive Transmission (DMRAT) method for optimizing performance under power constraints.
  • Employed the Alternating Optimization (AO) algorithm to jointly optimize beamforming and reflection coefficients.

Main Results:

  • The proposed DMR enables transmission of composite-mode signals, combining active and IRS-reflected components.
  • DMRAT method successfully optimizes system parameters to maximize data transmission rate.
  • Simulation results show significant enhancement in data transmission rates for the target communication pair.

Conclusions:

  • The dual-mode relay (DMR) offers a flexible and efficient solution for modern wireless communication challenges.
  • Adaptive transmission strategies are crucial for maximizing performance in dynamic environments.
  • The proposed DMR-based approach significantly improves data throughput compared to traditional methods.