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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Hypoglycemia01:26

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Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
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Evaluation of Pancreatic Endocrine Reprogramming in Diabetic Cats.

Lune D Geurts1, Alice Zanon2, Eylem E Akyurek3

  • 1AniCura Dierenkliniek Rijngeest, President Kennedylaan 260, 2343 GX Oegstgeest, The Netherlands.

Veterinary Sciences
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic cats show altered pancreatic cell markers, suggesting cell reprogramming may occur. Specifically, increased PAX4 expression indicates potential beta-cell changes or formation, and mixed insulin/glucagon cells hint at alpha-to-beta cell transformation.

Keywords:
developmentdiabetes mellitusfelineisletsα-cellβ-cell

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Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Transcription factors like PAX4 and ARX are crucial for pancreatic islet cell development and reprogramming in mammals.
  • Feline diabetes mellitus shares similarities with human type 2 diabetes, yet the roles of PAX4 and ARX in diabetic cats remain uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether diabetic cats exhibit an increased number of pancreatic cells expressing developmental markers (PAX4, ARX) associated with beta-cell and alpha-cell specification.
  • To explore the potential for cell reprogramming within the pancreas of diabetic cats.

Main Methods:

  • Pancreatic tissue samples were collected from 9 diabetic cats and 9 age- and sex-matched control cats.
  • Immunohistochemistry was used to label cells for insulin, glucagon, PAX4, and ARX.
  • Counts of single- and double-positive cells were compared between diabetic and control groups.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic cats had significantly fewer insulin-positive cells in islets and exocrine pancreas compared to controls.
  • Glucagon-positive cell counts were similar between groups.
  • Diabetic cats showed increased counts of insulin/glucagon-positive cells, PAX4-positive cells, and PAX4/insulin-positive cells within the islets.

Conclusions:

  • The elevated PAX4 expression in diabetic cat islets suggests either a reversion of beta-cells to an earlier differentiation stage or the generation of new beta-cells.
  • Increased insulin/glucagon-positive cells may indicate a bidirectional cell reprogramming between alpha- and beta-cells.
  • These findings support the hypothesis that cell reprogramming is a potential mechanism in feline diabetes mellitus, particularly within the pancreatic islets.