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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Correction: Bulatov et al. Camelpox Virus in Western Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of Local Fauna as Reservoirs of Infection. <i>Viruses</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 1626.

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Modelling the Variability in Immunity Build-Up and Waning Following RNA-Based Vaccination.

Juan Magalang1,2, Tyll Krueger3, Joerg Galle4

  • 1Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.

Viruses
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA vaccines induce immunity that wanes quickly, with protection peaking around 100 days. Individual immune responses and virus variants significantly impact protection duration, suggesting an optimal 5-week interval for a second vaccine dose.

Keywords:
ODERNA vaccinesSobol’ indicesgerminal centerimmune responsemathematical modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • RNA-based vaccines, widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, are characterized by rapid waning immunity.
  • The variability in protection duration across individuals and virus subtypes necessitates understanding the underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mathematical model of RNA-based vaccination and immune response kinetics.
  • To analyze factors contributing to the variability in vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Main Methods:

  • A mathematical model simulating germinal center reactions, B-cell differentiation, and antibody-mediated negative feedback was developed.
  • Computational simulations utilized SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination data to analyze immune response dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Individual immune response variability leads to a log-normal distribution of protection times, peaking at approximately 100 days.
  • Reduced protection duration was observed for virus variants with mutated antibody-binding sites or higher replication rates.
  • Simulations indicated an optimal 5-week interval between the first and second vaccine doses for enhanced protection.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the mechanisms behind waning immunity from RNA vaccines, highlighting the role of negative feedback loops.
  • Variability in immune cell density and virus characteristics significantly influences vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection.
  • Findings support the clinical trial-observed optimal timing for a second vaccine dose and offer insights for future vaccine strategies.