Definition and Conceptual Interrogation of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review.

Area of Science:

• Psychiatry and Psychology
• Trauma Studies
• Mental Health Research

Background:

• Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) remains debated despite ICD-11 inclusion.
• Lack of consensus leads to varied terminology and understanding.
• Ongoing controversy surrounds the definition and conceptualization of CPTSD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine existing definitions of CPTSD.
• To consider adverse experiences preceding CPTSD.
• To incorporate criticisms of the CPTSD concept.

Main Methods:

• Scoping review methodology (Arksey and O'Malley).
• Searched five online databases for English peer-reviewed studies (2013-2025).
• Independent review by three researchers; 40 articles met inclusion criteria.

Main Results:

• Four key theoretical frameworks identified: Herman's CPTSD, DESNOS, DTD, and ICD-11 criteria.
• CPTSD consistently defined as a psychopathological consequence of adversity.
• The concept of CPTSD has evolved over approximately 30 years.

Conclusions:

• CPTSD is a distinct psychiatric disorder.
• Formal recognition by ICD-11 signifies its established status.
• CPTSD typically develops after prolonged or repeated exposure to specific traumatic conditions.