Definition and Conceptual Interrogation of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review

In recent decades, the concept of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has been the subject of ongoing debate. Despite its recent inclusion in the 11^th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), CPTSD continues to generate controversy. The lack of consensus regarding its current definition has led to the often interchangeable use of various terminologies. The objective of this scoping review is threefold: (a) to examine existing definitions of the concept of CPTSD, (b) to consider adverse or traumatic experiences preceding CPTSD, and (c) to take into account criticisms of CPTSD. Following the scoping review methodology outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, five online databases were searched. The results were independently reviewed by three reviewers. All qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed english studies providing outcome data for the definition of CPTSD between 2013 and 2025 were included. A total of 40 articles met the inclusion criteria. All selected studies discussed CPTSD, with 40 directly addressing the concept. Four theoretical frameworks were identified as key: Herman's concept of CPTSD, Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified, Developmental Trauma Disorder, and ICD-11 criteria. Overall, CPTSD is consistently referred to as a psychopathological consequence of exposure to adversity. This scoping review highlights that the concept of CPTSD has been evolving for nearly 30 years. The findings confirm that CPTSD is a distinct psychiatric disorder, now formally recognized by the ICD-11, which typically occurs following exposure to one or more stressors under specific conditions.