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Microplastics in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Systematic Review

Yi Huan Tan1, Norfilza Mokhtar2,3, Raja Affendi Raja Ali3,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sir Jeffrey Cheah Sunway Medical School, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in the human gut, with higher levels found in those with gastrointestinal diseases. Further research is needed to understand MP health impacts and reduce exposure.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly detected in the environment, raising concerns about human health.
  • The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a potential accumulation site for MPs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the presence, characteristics, and health implications of MPs in the human GIT.
  • To explore the link between MP exposure and gastrointestinal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines.
  • 13 studies reporting MPs in human fecal, colonic, and liver samples were included.

Main Results:

  • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were the most common MPs found.
  • MPs were ubiquitously present in GIT biospecimens, with higher concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • A potential association between MP exposure and GIT diseases was suggested, influenced by diet, location, and lifestyle.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent interdisciplinary research is needed to understand MP toxicity mechanisms and inform public health strategies.
  • Proactive measures are essential to mitigate human exposure to MPs and their potential global health implications.
  • Collaborative research between clinicians and scientists is crucial for developing solutions to address MP impact on gut health.
Keywords:
gastrointestinal tractmicroplastic contaminationplastic pollutionsustainable development goals

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