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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
317
Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management01:26

Peripheral Artery Disease IV: Nursing Management

314
 The nursing management of a patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health history and clinical manifestations.AssessmentHealth History: Evaluate the patient’s history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of cardiovascular issues, and lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns, smoking, and physical activity.Physical Examination:Assess the affected extremity for decreased or absent peripheral pulses,...
314
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

285
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
285
Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

347
During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
347
Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

217
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
217
Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

430
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
430

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Assessment of Peripheral Arterial Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Calabar, Nigeria.

Ofem Egbe Enang1, Aburu Ndim Araga2, Henry Ohem Okpa1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Nigerian Medical Journal : Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is highly prevalent in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients in Calabar. Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) screening is valuable for early PAD detection and intervention in this population.

Keywords:
Ankle Brachial IndexDoppler UltrasoundPeripheral Arterial DiseaseType 2 Diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a serious complication in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), marked by atherosclerosis and reduced limb blood flow.
  • PAD in T2DM patients elevates risks of foot ulcers, amputations, and cardiovascular events, necessitating robust risk management.
  • This study evaluates traditional PAD risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers (fibrinogen, CRP), and PAD's impact on T2DM patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) in detecting PAD among T2DM patients.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic value of ABI in stratifying cardiovascular risk in T2DM patients.
  • To identify predictors of PAD in T2DM patients.

Main Methods:

  • 112 T2DM patients and 112 matched controls were recruited from three centers in Calabar.
  • Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) was measured using Doppler ultrasound after physical and anthropometric assessments.
  • Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • PAD prevalence was 37.5% in T2DM patients versus 14.3% in controls, based on ABI < 0.9.
  • Significant associations were found between PAD and advanced age, hypertension, diabetes duration, glycemic control, fibrinogen, and CRP.
  • Predictors of PAD in T2DM patients were identified as age, diabetes duration, and elevated serum CRP.

Conclusions:

  • A high prevalence of PAD exists among T2DM patients in Calabar.
  • The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is a valuable and objective tool for PAD detection in T2DM patients.
  • Routine ABI screening for T2DM patients can facilitate early diagnosis and timely intervention, improving outcomes.