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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Subcostal Specimen Removal in Completely Portal Robotic Lobectomy
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A novel robotic-assisted lung lobectomy simulation model.

Carolyn C Chang1, Ntemena Kapula1, Jake J Kim1

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif.

JTCVS Open
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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A new robotic surgery training model using porcine heart-lung blocks significantly boosted surgeon confidence. This high-fidelity simulation is a valuable, reproducible tool for thoracic surgery programs needing enhanced robotic training.

Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Robotic Surgery
  • Surgical Simulation

Background:

  • Most thoracic surgery programs require robotic proficiency, yet graduating residents often lack adequate training.
  • There is a need for effective, reproducible training models to bridge this skill gap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a high-fidelity robotic surgery training model for thoracic procedures.
  • To assess the model's fidelity, training value, and impact on surgeon confidence.

Main Methods:

  • A porcine heart-lung block model was utilized for a simulated left upper lobectomy.
  • A da Vinci Xi robotic system was employed, with a linear actuator simulating heartbeat and artificial blood simulating bleeding.
  • Participants (trainees and faculty) performed key surgical steps and rated model fidelity and training value.
Keywords:
high fidelitylow costlung lobectomyrobotic lung lobectomyrobotic thoracic surgerysimulation modelsurgical education

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Main Results:

  • The model received high fidelity ratings from both faculty (100% ≥4) and trainees (89% ≥4).
  • Stapling and lung tissue handling were rated highest by participants.
  • Surgeon confidence significantly improved post-simulation (P = .0014).

Conclusions:

  • The developed model is highly rated for fidelity and training value by both trainees and faculty.
  • This reproducible model effectively enhances surgeon confidence and can be implemented in training programs.