Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

16.5K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
16.5K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.5K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
4.5K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

19.5K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
19.5K
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

8.9K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
8.9K
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

1.3K
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
1.3K
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

16.5K
In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
16.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hippocampal CA1 and CA2 dendritic compartment-specific differences in mitochondrial form and function.

Progress in neurobiology·2026
Same author

The UK experience with hepatitis B immunoglobulin use following liver transplantation: wide variation in practice despite evidence supporting cost-effective HBIG-free prophylaxis.

Gut·2026
Same author

Dissecting Gap Junctional and Ephaptic Contributions to Electrical Conduction in a Novel Cardiomyocyte Pair Model.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Input-and cell-type-specific developmental alterations to thalamic synapses in a Dravet syndrome mouse model.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Hypernatremia Enhances Transient Outward Potassium and Late Sodium Currents in a Mouse Model of Long QT Syndrome Type 3.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

The thrombin receptor PAR1 orchestrates changes in lymphatic endothelial cell junction morphology to augment lymphatic drainage during lung injury.

Nature cardiovascular research·2025
Same journal

A human-specific genetic modifier reconfigures large-scale cortical network dynamics underlying behavioral performance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> uses a eukaryotic-like uridyltransferase to make UDP-GlcNAc for cell wall synthesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Dynamic redistribution of eIF4F controls cap-dependent translation initiation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

When does additional information improve accuracy of RNA secondary structure prediction?

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Normative brain-state trajectories reveal deviation from healthy aging in Alzheimer's disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Noradrenergic infraslow rhythm during sleep is the critical link between heart-rate dynamics and memory consolidation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations
04:50

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Published on: June 17, 2011

17.2K

Hippocampal cell- and circuit-specific differences in mitochondrial form and function.

Mayd Alsalman1,2, Lucy Turner1, Katy Pannoni1

  • 1Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, Virginia.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria in hippocampal CA2 neurons are larger and have higher calcium levels in distal dendrites compared to CA1 neurons. These findings reveal cell type- and input-specific mitochondrial differences in the hippocampus.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy
07:47

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 9, 2016

14.5K
Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging
08:48

Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging

Published on: June 30, 2023

4.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations
04:50

Neuromodulation and Mitochondrial Transport: Live Imaging in Hippocampal Neurons over Long Durations

Published on: June 17, 2011

17.2K
Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy
07:47

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 9, 2016

14.5K
Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging
08:48

Author Spotlight: Decoding Mitochondrial Aging

Published on: June 30, 2023

4.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial morphology varies across neuronal types and compartments, but its functional impact remains unclear.
  • Hippocampal CA2 neurons show higher expression of mitochondrial genes than CA1 neurons, suggesting differing metabolic needs.
  • It is unknown if CA2 neuron mitochondria are structurally or functionally distinct to meet specific circuit energy demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare mitochondrial morphology, protein expression, and calcium levels in CA1 and CA2 hippocampal circuits.
  • To investigate cell type- and input-specific regulation of mitochondrial structure and function.
  • To determine how mitochondrial differences influence hippocampal circuit properties.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of mitochondrial morphology in CA1 and CA2 neurons.
  • Immunostaining for mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins (OPA1, MFF).
  • Measurement of mitochondrial calcium levels in live hippocampal slices.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria in CA2 dendrites were larger than in CA1 dendrites.
  • Both subregions exhibited larger mitochondria in distal (entorhinal cortex-contacting) compared to proximal (CA3-contacting) dendrites.
  • Mitochondrial calcium levels were significantly enriched in CA2 distal dendrites compared to proximal dendrites and CA1 dendrites, both at baseline and after activity.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by both neuronal cell type and synaptic input.
  • Discrete morphological and functional differences exist in mitochondria across hippocampal subregions and dendritic layers.
  • These mitochondrial variations likely contribute to unique hippocampal circuit properties and disease vulnerabilities.