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Related Concept Videos

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
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Projection-specific Routing of Odor Information in the Olfactory Cortex.

Simon Daste1,2, Tuan H Pham1,2, Max Seppo1,2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Information routing in the mammalian cortex is clarified. Feedback neurons (olfactory bulb-projecting) encode odor identity early, while feedforward neurons (medial prefrontal cortex-projecting) encode it later, showing distinct plasticity.

Keywords:
Sensory processingbehaviorcalcium imagingcortical neural circuitslearningolfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing
  • Olfactory Cortex Research

Background:

  • Mammalian cortical sensory processing involves complex feedforward and feedback connections.
  • The precise routing of information along these neural pathways is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional properties of feedback and feedforward neurons in the mouse piriform cortex.
  • To understand how odor information is processed and routed through different cortical pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Selective labeling of neurons projecting to the olfactory bulb (feedback) and medial prefrontal cortex (feedforward).
  • Recording neuronal activity during passive odor exposure and an odor discrimination learning task.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory bulb-projecting neurons encoded odor identity and reward associations early in odor exposure.
  • Medial prefrontal cortex-projecting neurons encoded this information later, correlating with behavioral responses.
  • Medial prefrontal cortex-projecting neurons showed stable valence representation, while olfactory bulb-projecting neurons exhibited significant plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Odor information is selectively routed via distinct feedforward and feedback pathways in the piriform cortex.
  • The functional characteristics of piriform neurons are adapted to the computational requirements of their target brain regions.