Highly Efficient Printed Tin-Based Perovskite Solar via Crystallization Kinetics Regulation

The rapid crystallization of tin-based perovskites and the inability to use antisolvent treatment in printing processes significantly compromise the crystallization quality of printed tin-based perovskites and the corresponding device performance compared with spin-coating methods. In this work, guided by the theoretical framework of crystallization kinetics, we propose a crystallization regulation strategy to regulate the printing process, in which acetonitrile is introduced to gain a high nucleation density to match the rapid crystallization rate. Using this approach, we achieve a power conversion efficiency of up to 9.64% for printed tin-based perovskite solar cells, storage stability retaining 87% of initial efficiency after 600 h under a nitrogen atmosphere, and operational stability under 1000 W/m² illumination at the maximum power point for 4000 s without efficiency degradation. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest efficiency reported to date for printed tin-based perovskite solar cells, providing a promising route toward the industrialization of lead-free perovskite solar cells.