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Related Concept Videos

Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
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Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Confounding in Epidemiological Studies01:27

Confounding in Epidemiological Studies

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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
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Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19
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Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19

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Post Covid-19 Syndrome among Rural Population: A Cross Sectional Study.

M Shakil1, S Farah, F Mahejabin

  • 1Dr Mohammad Shakil, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Army Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh;

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-Covid syndrome, or long Covid, affects many adults with symptoms like fatigue and headaches lasting over three weeks. This study highlights common persistent symptoms and their prevalence in a Bangladeshi population.

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Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Post-Covid syndrome, characterized by symptoms persisting over three weeks post-infection, presents long-term health challenges for a significant number of individuals recovering from COVID-19.
  • While most patients fully recover from acute COVID-19, a notable portion experience lingering health consequences, necessitating further investigation into the nature and extent of these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variation and severity of Post-Covid syndrome within an adult population.
  • To identify the most prevalent symptoms and their frequencies in individuals experiencing long-term effects of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from October to December 2022.
  • Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire from 335 adult participants (age >18 years) residing in selected villages in Chandina, Cumilla, Bangladesh.

Main Results:

  • The most common Post-Covid syndrome symptoms reported were fatigue (61.2%), palpitation (48.1%), and headache (44.5%).
  • Other frequent symptoms included mental problems (42.4%), sleep disturbances (38.2%), anosmia (32.5%), abdominal pain (31.6%), respiratory distress (27.5%), and weight fluctuations (22.7%).
  • A diverse range of clinical manifestations were observed, with fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, headache, mental issues, sleep disturbances, anosmia, and respiratory distress being particularly frequent.

Conclusions:

  • Post-Covid syndrome encompasses a wide array of persistent symptoms affecting a significant portion of the adult population.
  • Fatigue, palpitations, headaches, and mental health issues are among the most prevalent long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection.
  • Understanding the variation and severity of these symptoms is crucial for managing long-term health outcomes in COVID-19 survivors.