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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Published on: March 31, 2023

Nonresolving Empyema: Is It Encysted? A Case Report.

S H Hasan¹, D Chowdhury, S A Haque

¹Dr Syeda Humaida Hasan, Consultant, Department of Neonatology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh;

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ

|December 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Empyema, a serious lung infection, often requires prompt treatment. This case highlights that encysted empyema may necessitate surgical intervention like thoracotomy and decortication for successful patient recovery.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

Pediatric Pulmonology
Thoracic Surgery
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Empyema progresses through distinct phases: exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organized, typically over 3-6 weeks.
Diagnosis commonly involves clinical symptoms, chest X-ray, and thoracentesis.
Standard treatment includes antibiotics, thoracentesis, and chest tube drainage, with most patients showing improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of pediatric empyema that failed conservative management.
To emphasize the importance of identifying encysted empyema.
To highlight the successful surgical management of complex pediatric empyema.

Main Methods:

A four-year-old girl presented with persistent symptoms of right-sided empyema.
Initial treatment with antibiotics and chest tube drainage was unsuccessful.
Advanced imaging (CECT) revealed encysted empyema, leading to thoracotomy and decortication.

Main Results:

The patient's empyema did not respond to conservative management, indicating radiographic loculation.
Surgical intervention (thoracotomy and decortication) resulted in excellent recovery.
Post-operative care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit was crucial for recovery.

Conclusions:

Encysted empyema is a predictor of failure in conservative empyema management.
Timely and appropriate surgical intervention is vital for complex pediatric empyema cases.
Government hospitals can provide comprehensive care, including advanced diagnostics and surgery, at reduced costs.