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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

Published on: June 16, 2016

Biofeedback Speeds Adaptation to Exoskeleton Gait Assistance.

Ava Lakmazaheri, Steven H Collins

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

|December 31, 2025

Summary

Visual biofeedback significantly accelerated motor learning for ankle exoskeleton users. This training method doubled energy savings, allowing novice users to achieve benefits comparable to experienced users in less time.

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Biomechanics
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Exoskeletons enhance mobility but require extensive user training.
Augmented feedback aids motor learning but is challenging for exoskeleton gait assistance due to complex coordination and coupled dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a visual biofeedback system for novice ankle exoskeleton users.
To guide users in modifying ankle kinematics and foot placement for improved energy economy.

Main Methods:

A visual biofeedback system was developed to provide real-time guidance.
Novice users trained with the biofeedback system to adapt their gait.
Metabolic cost of walking was measured to quantify energy savings.

Main Results:

Biofeedback training doubled the energy savings from exoskeleton use.
Trained users achieved a 23.5% reduction in metabolic cost, compared to 11.8% in the control group.
Biofeedback enabled novice users to reach adapted user benefits in one-quarter of the time.

Conclusions:

Visual biofeedback effectively accelerates motor adaptation to exoskeletons.
This approach can enhance exoskeleton effectiveness and promote wider adoption.
Further benefits may be unlocked with continued biofeedback-assisted training.