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Mouse Models of Cancer Study02:43

Mouse Models of Cancer Study

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Mouse Models of Cancer Study02:43

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Mice have long served as models for studying human biology and pathology because of their phylogenetic and physiological similarity with humans. They are also easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory, and hence, many inbred strains are now available for research. Studies on mice have contributed immeasurably to our understanding of cancer biology.
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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Multiregional Immune Profiling Reveals Prognostic Patterns in Bladder Cancer.

Nadia Jurczok1, Gabriel Dernbach2, Benedikt Ebner3

  • 1Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

European Urology Oncology
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel immune checkpoint protein (ICP) panel effectively stratifies muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) risk, outperforming current staging. This immune profiling approach guides prognosis and treatment decisions for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerIDOLAG-3PD-1PD-L1TIM-3Tumor immune microenvironmentVISTA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a heterogeneous disease with variable prognosis.
  • Conventional prognostic markers for MIBC are limited.
  • The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in disease progression and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prognostic value of immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) in the TIME of MIBC patients.
  • To develop a robust risk stratification model for MIBC based on ICP expression.
  • To determine the optimal number of tumor biopsies for comprehensive immune profiling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 251 MIBC patients undergoing cystectomy.
  • Quantification of six ICPs (IDO, PD-L1, PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, VISTA) using immunohistochemistry on tumor cores.
  • Hierarchical clustering of ICP-positive immune and tumor cells to define TIME subtypes.
  • Multivariable Cox models to assess association with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).
  • Bootstrap resampling to estimate minimum tumor sample count for maximal ICP expression.

Main Results:

  • IDO+ and VISTA+ immune cells were dominant; PD-L1+ tumor cells showed dichotomous expression.
  • Three spatially distinct cores were sufficient for most ICPs, while four were needed for others.
  • Three TIME subtypes (CID1-3) were identified, with CID3 showing significantly worse prognosis (median OS 18.5 vs 100.5 months, p=0.0007).
  • The ICP-based classification improved patient stratification compared to Union for International Cancer Control staging, especially in late-stage MIBC.

Conclusions:

  • A six-marker, multiregional ICP panel provides robust, stage-independent risk stratification for MIBC.
  • At least four biopsies are recommended for routine immune profiling in MIBC.
  • Further longitudinal external validation of this ICP-based stratification model is warranted.