Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Vector Potential01:15

Magnetic Vector Potential

1.5K
In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...
1.5K
Vector Algebra: Method of Components01:08

Vector Algebra: Method of Components

18.7K
It is cumbersome to find the magnitudes of vectors using the parallelogram rule or using the graphical method to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. There are two ways to circumvent this algebraic complexity. One way is to draw the vectors to scale, as in navigation, and read approximate vector lengths and angles (directions) from the graphs. The other way is to use the method of components.
In many applications, the magnitudes and directions of...
18.7K
Vector Components in the Cartesian Coordinate System01:29

Vector Components in the Cartesian Coordinate System

26.6K
Vectors are usually described in terms of their components in a coordinate system. Even in everyday life, we naturally invoke the concept of orthogonal projections in a rectangular coordinate system. For example, if someone gives you directions for a particular location, you will be told to go a few km in a direction like east, west, north, or south, along with the angle in which you are supposed to move. In a rectangular (Cartesian) xy-coordinate system in a plane, a point in a plane is...
26.6K
General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

499
The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
499
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

821
Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform...
821
Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System

2.8K
In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chiral Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum on the Verge of the Light Cone.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

Single-crystal, 4-inch and ultrathin gallium oxide for sundial-inspired high-dimensional solar-blind photodetection metasystem.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Generic generation and manipulation of high-dimensional spin-orbit states in Hilbert space.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Chitinase 38 confers cadmium tolerance via reduced cadmium uptake and metabolic reprogramming in barley.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

Metaceramic enables ultrahigh-temperature record rectification and programmable 3D thermal control.

Science advances·2026
Same author

A less-for-more metamaterial paradigm via Laplace-Helmholtz correspondence.

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)·2026
Same journal

Bi-layer photonic random meta-composite for cryogenic thermal control by ultra-broadband scattering matched reflectance.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same journal

Interferometric scattering for optical tomoslicing of transparent solids.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same journal

Multi-dimensional spatial-temporal projection ultrafast compressed imaging.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same journal

Expanded field of view light-field extended-reality displays with metalens array.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same journal

Experimental observation of counter-intuitive features of photonic bunching.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same journal

High-speed and high-sensitivity multi-gas detection based on parallel heterodyne LITES sensor.

Light, science & applications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
11:59

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Published on: June 24, 2013

33.7K

Full-parameter-modulated three-dimensional vectorial generalized vortex array.

Xue Zhang1,2, Yang Cui1, Yanjie Chen1

  • 1Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.

Light, Science & Applications
|December 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a 3D generalized vortex beam array using a metasurface. This technology allows flexible control over light

More Related Videos

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods
09:17

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

Published on: April 23, 2018

11.2K
Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
04:35

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Published on: July 28, 2023

3.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2026

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
11:59

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Published on: June 24, 2013

33.7K
Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods
09:17

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

Published on: April 23, 2018

11.2K
Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
04:35

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices

Published on: July 28, 2023

3.7K

Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metasurface Technology
  • Light Manipulation

Background:

  • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a crucial spatial property of light with significant applications.
  • Generalized vortex beams offer enhanced flexibility through customizable angular phase gradients.
  • These beams enable intuitive representations of mathematical operations and novel functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel method for generating a three-dimensional (3D) generalized vortex beam array.
  • To achieve all-parameter modulation including polarization, phase, angular momentum, and stereoscopic space using a single-layer metasurface.
  • To enable simultaneous vectorial modulation for arbitrary polarization information distribution within each beam order.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Dammann optimization principles.
  • Designing and fabricating a single-layer metasurface.
  • Implementing joint optimization for simultaneous control of multiple light parameters.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of a 3D generalized vortex beam array.
  • Achieved comprehensive modulation of polarization, phase, OAM, and spatial distribution.
  • Exhibited simultaneous vectorial modulation for intricate polarization control.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed approach provides a highly flexible platform for generating 3D generalized vortex beam arrays.
  • This method significantly expands the information capacity and spatial mode features of light.
  • Facilitates advanced applications in optical wireless broadcasting, communication encryption, and structured light manipulation.