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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

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Body:Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

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Body:After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt...

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Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Published on: December 9, 2010

mRNA-Based Therapeutics: Advances in Drug Delivery, Comparative Innovations, and Biomedical Applications.

Radhika Joshi^1,2, Swapnil Sharma¹, Devesh U Kapoor³

¹Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India.

Molecular Pharmaceutics

|January 1, 2026

Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics offer programmable treatments for various diseases. Advances in mRNA drug delivery, like lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), enhance stability and cellular entry, paving the way for next-generation medicines.

Keywords:

CRISPR-Cas9 drug delivery systems gene editing lipid nanoparticles mRNA therapeutics mRNA vaccine personalized medicine

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Molecular Medicine
Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics are a significant advancement in medicine.
They offer programmable, non-integrating treatment options for diseases including infections, cancers, and genetic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolution, optimization, and delivery challenges of mRNA therapeutics.
To compare mRNA technology with other therapeutic modalities.
To highlight innovations and future directions in mRNA drug development.

Main Methods:

Literature review of chronological evolution, structural optimization, and delivery systems for mRNA drugs.
Comparative analysis of mRNA versus DNA, siRNA, and protein-based therapies.
Discussion of advancements like nucleoside modifications, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platforms, self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA), and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.

Main Results:

mRNA drugs demonstrate advantages in safety, scalability, and rapid development compared to other modalities.
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platforms and nucleoside modifications improve mRNA stability and cellular uptake.
Emerging technologies like saRNA and CRISPR-Cas9 expand therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

mRNA technology presents unparalleled precision, transient expression, and rapid manufacturability.
Challenges include immunogenicity, multiple dosing, and long-term safety considerations.
Innovations in delivery systems are crucial for advancing next-generation mRNA therapeutics.