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Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV‑2 Spike Protein Using a Fully 3D-Printed Electrochemical Biosensor
Dayenny L D'Amato1, Natália M Caldas2, Lucas V de Faria3
1Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista S/N, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil.
ACS Omega
|January 1, 2026
Summary
This study presents a 3D-printed biosensor for rapid SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection. The novel device offers fast, selective, and cost-effective viral diagnostics in complex samples.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Materials Science
- Analytical Chemistry
Background:
- 3D printing enables rapid, low-cost sensor fabrication.
- Multimaterial additive manufacturing facilitates integrated electrochemical biosensors.
- Rapid diagnostics are crucial for infectious disease control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a 3-in-1 3D-printed electrochemical biosensor for rapid SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection.
- To demonstrate the sensor's performance in terms of sensitivity, linear range, and assay time.
- To evaluate the sensor's selectivity and applicability in complex biological matrices.
Main Methods:
- Fabrication of a 3D-printed biosensor using graphite/polylactic acid (G/PLA) and carbon black/PLA.
- Modification of the working electrode with anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles (pAb-AuNPs).
- Detection via indirect immunoassay using a [Fe-(CN)6]3-/4- redox probe and cyclic voltammetry.
Main Results:
- Achieved a low detection limit of 0.76 pM for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
- Demonstrated a linear detection range from 2.5 to 10 μg L-1.
- Completed detection assays in under 5 minutes with high selectivity against other viral proteins and robustness in human serum.
Conclusions:
- The 3D-printed multimaterial biosensor offers a rapid, selective, and cost-effective solution for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics.
- This technology holds significant potential for point-of-care viral detection.
- The integrated design eliminates postprocessing steps, simplifying biosensor development.
