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Graphene Nanosheet-Gold Nanopatch Metasurfaces for Nonlinear Response at THz Frequencies
Anna Theodosi1,2, Isaac Appiah Otoo3, Anastasios D Koulouklidis1,4
1Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
ACS Applied Nano Materials
|January 1, 2026
Summary
We developed a novel graphene metasurface for efficient terahertz (THz) nonlinear optics. This hybrid structure enhances nonlinear interactions, paving the way for advanced THz photonic devices.
Area of Science:
- Photonics and Optics
- Materials Science
- Terahertz (THz) Technology
Background:
- Graphene exhibits remarkable nonlinear optical properties.
- Resonant photonic structures can enhance nonlinear optical effects.
- Efficient nonlinear applications at terahertz (THz) frequencies are highly sought after.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose and demonstrate a fabrication-friendly hybrid nonlinear metasurface for THz applications.
- To leverage resonant enhancement for improved nonlinear interactions.
- To explore the potential of graphene-based metasurfaces in nonlinear THz photonics.
Main Methods:
- Fabrication of a hybrid metasurface using gold patches and uniform graphene.
- Utilizing electron-beam lithography for metasurface fabrication.
- Experimental characterization using THz time-domain spectroscopy under pulsed excitation.
Main Results:
- Simulations predict third-harmonic generation efficiencies up to -15 dB (3.2%) at modest intensities.
- Experimental observation of nonlinear frequency shifts up to 0.5 THz (12.5% fractional change) due to self-phase modulation.
- Broadband excitation spectrum complicated direct third-harmonic signal isolation.
Conclusions:
- The developed graphene metasurface shows significant potential for efficient nonlinear THz photonic devices.
- The hybrid structure design circumvents complex graphene patterning, improving fabrication.
- Resonant enhancement is key to achieving strong nonlinear interactions at THz frequencies.
